14/2021: Beneath us
Earth crust:
The Earth’s crust is found in a lithosphere layer, which is mostly a tectonic plate, which made 7 large plates that broke and separated since the Extinction of Dinosaurs is the largest one. It’s created more continents than before and mostly is the land we see today. The elements of the lithosphere are levels of different types of soil and rock.
The subdivision of it is the upper mantle and the crust, which settle on the tectonic plates. It is about 1% of the earth's whole volume.
Our crust divided into 2 types of plates are:
Continental: 5km (3mi)-10km (6mi) thick
Oceanic: 30km (20mi)-50km (30mi) thick
The Tectonic plates that were situated on and the Earth’s crust are like a plate on liquid magma. It’s like island flooding on a hot magma which has many places that have cracked from the past billion years. The most famous cracked line is the “Ring of Fire” in the Pacific ocean.
From tectonic plates lead to the upper and lower mantle, which is much cooler than other lower layers. At this level, rocks are mostly old and thick magma (2,900 km, 1,800 mi, or 67% of earth mass) that were heated and pressurized then pushed out as lava later. This level is like a liquid resource on the surface, which erodes the old parent rock levels.
From mantles to the outer and inner core, which increase the heat and pressure at 5,430C (9,800F). The size of it is 1,220 km (760 mi), mostly iron-nickels liquid.
Earth crust is very important to the Rock cycle because when the tectonic plates move, the lava, which is melted and hot pressure will push up and break down the rock in the upper surface, which we call Earthquake and Volcano eruption.
After the magma was cooled down underground or lava cooled in water, it will become igneous rock. This cooling down produces more layers of rocks between the upper surface of the crust and lower hot magma. More layers of igneous rock can cause the surface to be thicker or add a new layer to it?. The layer from igneous rock, which was added later with metamorphic rock, makes up 90-95% or 16km (9.9 mi) inside Earth's crust.
Rock cycle:
The Rock cycle began with magma from the under surface part. The magma is approximately 35 km (22 miles) under the continent and 7-10 km (4.3-6.2 miles) under the ocean plate. Magma becomes igneous rock (granite, pumice, and basalt).
Igneous rocks
Igneous rock was divided into 2 types: intrusive igneous (cooled underground magma) and extrusive igneous (cooled in water or on the surface, if necessary).
Igneous rock characteristics are strong hard rock that has crystal pieces inside. The side of it shows how old it is because a smaller one will be found as very old which passes many weathering, but a larger one is newer reform rocks.
Sedimentary rocks
From cooled down lava, igneous weathering, and sediment in the river, which has been transferred by weather and climate to water resources will become Sedimentary rock (limestone, chalk, and sandstone). It became sandy and was pushed by heated pressure of a newer level together to a point that was deep enough to become rocks.
Sedimentary rock can show the layers of sediment as its timeline as we found in trees. It consists of small grains which sometimes can be weakly because they're young. Some sedimentary rocks can have layers of fossils or out-time Humus added from mixes of the upper layer ground. This type of rock is the only one we found on Mars.
Metamorphic rocks
From Sedimentary rock which is the extreme pressure down to Metamorphic rock. Its heat is at 150-200C and pressure pushed is 100 megapascal (1,000 bar).
Metamorphic rocks characteristic mainly look crystal-like what Igneous have. It is also denser and harder than sedimentary but not much as Igneous rock. Sometimes distortions lead to wavy and zig-zag patterns.
Rock cycles Timescale
The conversation conservative the estimate of 1 period of the rock cycle is approximately 20 million years. Sometimes it can take longer or shorter due to how deep the location of the rock we found and the time of weathering it was. Igneous rock takes about a million years to form. Sedimentary rock takes about a thousand years to millions of years to form. Metamorphic rock takes place slowly on a timescale of millions of years.
The timescales cannot be precisely estimated. For example, a sedimentary rock, which was already converted to metamorphic rock, might take about a million years, which is normal at this point, but it can be returned to sedimentary rock in a short amount of time.
Physical and Chemical Change of Rocks:
Soil Particle size
The soil particle is dependent on the type of soil. If the type has a lot of room like sand, the water can pass through easily. Others like Clay and loam, which have no room, the water will stay on the surface.
Physical
Physical weathering
The weathering of the rock is a physical change that is caused by the weather of nature, water, and wind that breaks the rock. It mainly happens with igneous rock one mountains. The water can go inside the rock gaps and the time in winter makes water freezes and builds up the gaps to be larger.
Chemical
Chemical weathering
The rock in sedimentary rocks, especially limestone and marble rock (metamorphic rock), have a lot of carbon particles. The formula of CO2 mixing with H2O leads to calcium carbonate and silicon dioxide inside the rock. The cycle will come back when adding heat and water to the solution here.
Chemical with Limestone (Marble rocks)
In science experiments, we use calcium carbonate which represents to be limestone (marble rock) and adds a drop of hydrochloric acid. It will generate CO2, calcium chloride, and water.
Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid experiment
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