British Colonialism negative impact

    

Starting from political methods in England, this made people need more money. If money is not developed in mass production, it might be an economic problem. In the first half of Queen Victoria’s reign, many politicians from schools in Manchester have plans for peace and free trade. To earn that peace and free trade, they have to use militarists to fight against the little country's enemy. They will not complete or fight against the main enemy like other European power which is France, Austria, or Russia. British have fought in Crimea in 1849. British will shall fight for liberty largely in such small nations like Turkey, Hungary, and Poland.

    British imperialism is how the British can take over territories in other countries around the world. This developed in the 20th century which make them strong and powerful. The British colony was first started in the 17th century by taking control of the French colony in Northern America, which today are Canada and the US. Follow by is the list of countries in South and East Africa.

    After losing in the US revolution war, 1655-1680, the British seek out countries in Asia like Sri Lanka, Australia, Singapore, Myanmar, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. The best business at the time is to sell slaves. The 18th in 1763 treaty of Paris ended the Seven years war, so the French have to give North America to the British. New Zealand become part of the British in 1840. Island of Fiji, Tonga, Papua, and other islands in the Pacific Ocean, and in 1877 the British High Commission for the Western Pacific Islands was created.  Indian Mutiny (1857), the British crown assumed the East India Company’s governmental authority in India. 

    Britain’s acquisition of Burma (Myanmar) was completed in 1886, while its conquest of Punjab (1849) and of Balochistān (1854–1876) provided substantial new territory in the Indian subcontinent itself. The French completion of the Suez Canal (1869). The Suez Canal was completed by the French in 1869 and gave Britain a significantly quicker maritime route to India.

    Opportunity, Britain expanded its port in Aden, established a protectorate in Somaliland (now Somalia), and expanded its influence in the sheikhdoms of southern Arabia and the Persian Gulf. In 1878, Cyprus, like Gibraltar and Malta, was conquered as a link in the network of communication with India across the Mediterranean. In other parts of the Far East, British influence grew with the creation of the Straits Settlements and the federated Malay nations, and protectorates were established over Brunei and Sarawak in the 1880s. After the British took control of Hong Kong Island in 1841, an "informal empire" functioned in China via British treaty ports and military bases.

    The greatest expansion of British power in the nineteenth century, however, occurred in Africa. From 1882 until 1899, Britain was the recognized dominant power in Egypt and Sudan. The Royal Niger Company began to increase British dominance in Nigeria in the second part of the century, and the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and The Gambia became British colonies as well. The British South Africa Company operated in what is now Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia), Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia), and Malawi, while the Imperial British East Africa Company operated in what is now Kenya and Uganda. 

    Following Britain's victory in the South African War (1899–1902), the Transvaal and the Orange Free States were annexed in 1902, and the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910. The result was a chain of British territories stretching from South Africa to Egypt, realizing the vision of an African empire extending "from the Cape to Cairo" as envisioned by the British public. The British Empire occupied about a quarter of the world's geographical surface and more than a quarter of its total population at the end of the nineteenth century. In World war I and II, many countries under the British colony have earned freedom. Some like Hong kong have been giving back to China.

    British in Africa is mostly move slaves to someplace like America and Europe. British take over Egypt. The empire over west Africa coast of Benin, Dahomey, and Asante. At first, just trading in the 1700s, but after a change to 1800, the British started to capture slaves from this area. They take over land and ask African to ret land from them and sell all the corps to the British. There was a complicated mix of peoples in South Africa, including British, Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers from the 1600s), and native African peoples such as the Xhosa, Zulu, and Matabele. 

    Because South Africa was one of the commercial routes to India, the British wished to dominate it. When gold and diamonds were discovered in the 1860s and 1880s, however, their interest in the region grew. This put them at odds with the Boers. The British ruled over the Boers, who despised it. They want a simple agricultural existence. Under the British administration, their country became more industrialized and business-oriented. The Boers also believed that local Africans were inferior and that they should be held as slaves. Africans, the British contended, should have rights. Despite this, they fought in a number of conflicts. 

    Despite this, in the 1870s, they fought multiple conflicts with African peoples, effectively breaking the Zulus' authority. The Boer War, which lasted from 1899 to 1902, was the result of tensions between the Boers and the British. This was a harsh and violent conflict that the British finally won. The peace terms, on the other hand, were generous. By 1910, the Boers had practically independent South Africa from Britain. This didn't benefit the local Africans much.

    Under British rule, they had minimal rights. They were assigned to the mines' lowest-paying and most dangerous occupations. When South Africa became independent, though, they were considerably worse off. South African whites enacted a slew of legislation that discriminated against them. The majority of black Africans would not have full rights.

• British imperialism in India started in 1858-1947 which established by the British East India company. 

• It was operated in the Mongol empire in India and become dubbed the "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire, was a source of income for Britain for many years, however, Raj's profitability fell in the years leading up to independence. 

• On the other side, railway, transportation, and communication infrastructure were constructed that served to unite India's formerly separate provinces, assisting the Indian independence campaign led by the Indian National Congress.

• This movement was led by the same class of Indians that the British education system had produced, who had read in English literature about the concepts of fair play, justice, and the mother of Parliaments in Westminster, but had noticed that when the British arrived in India, they seemed to leave these values and the practice of democracy at home. 

• "Divide and rule" has been described as Raj's policy. This partially alludes to how much land was won by pitting one Indian king against another, as well as how the British emphasized what they viewed as insurmountable divides between religious sects, claiming that only their presence in India avoided a bloodbath.

• The British Indian Empire included the present-day countries of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, as well as Aden (from 1858 to 1937), Lower Burma (from 1858 to 1937), Upper Burma (from 1886 to 1937) (Burma was separated from British India in 1937), British Somaliland (from 1884 to 1898), and Singapore at various times (briefly from 1858 to 1867). 

• British India had relations with British territories in the Middle East, and the Indian rupee was used as the regional currency in several places. The British government's India Office governed what is now Iraq early after World War I. 

• Both in the area and globally, the Indian Empire, which issued its own passports, was referred to as India.

• History

• Queen Elizabeth I of England awarded the British East India Company a royal charter to do trade with the East on December 31, 1600. Ships came to India for the first time in 1608, arriving at Surat, Gujarat. 

• Four years later, in the Battle of Swally, British traders defeated the Portuguese, gaining the favor of Mughal emperor Jahangir in the process. 

• In 1615, King James I dispatched Sir Thomas Roe as his ambassador to Jahangir's court, and the Mughals agreed to let the Company develop trading stations in India in exchange for commodities from Europe. Cotton, silk, saltpeter, indigo, and tea were among the goods handled by the company.

• In addition to its original factory in Surat, the Company had established trade stations or "factories" in key Indian towns such as Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras by the mid-1600s (built-in 1612). 

• In 1670, King Charles II gave the company the authority to buy land, create an army, coin its own money, and exercise legal jurisdiction in the territories it controlled.

• The Company was arguably its own "country" on the Indian subcontinent by the last decade of the seventeenth century, with substantial military force and control over the three presidencies.

• On May 10, 1857, Indian Hindu and Muslim troops of the British Indian Army (known as "sepoys," from Urdu/Persian sipaahi Meaning "soldier") rose out against the British in Meerut, a cantonment 65 kilometers northeast of Delhi. 

• The Company's army in India at the time numbered 238,000 men, with 38,000 of them being Europeans. 

• Indian warriors marched to Delhi to pledge their services to the Mughal emperor, and a year-long insurgency against the British East India Company erupted over most of north and central India. 

• Many Indian regiments and kingdoms participated in the revolt, while other Indian units and kingdoms supported the British commanders and the HEIC.

• Political, economic, military, religious, and social factors all had a role in the uprising or battle for independence.

• The revolt marked a watershed moment in contemporary Indian history. After killing most of his family, the British deported Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II (r. 1837–1857) to Rangoon, Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar) in May 1858, thus dissolving the Mughal Empire. 

• The Poet King, Bahadur Shah Zafar, wrote some of Urdu's most exquisite poetry, with the independence fight as a central theme. 

• The Emperor was denied permission to return and died in 1862 in solitary prison. Major William Stephen Raikes Hodson of the British Indian Army apprehended and shot the Emperor's three sons in Delhi, who were also participating in the 1857 Rebellion.

• During this time, some of the modernization connected with the industrial revolution benefited India. 

• Jute mills were built around Calcutta, while cotton textile plants were built in Gujrat and Bombay by Indian merchants. However, this was followed by the demise of traditional industry, which was up against fierce competition from low-cost British-made items. 

• After the British arrived in India for commerce, a flourishing India accounted for more than 17% of global GDP; yet, when the British departed India in 1947, India is thought to have accounted for less than 1% of global GDP.

• Some of the modernization associated with the industrial revolution helped India during this period. Indian traders developed jute mills in and around Calcutta, as well as cotton textile operations in Gujrat and Bombay. 

• This was followed by the downfall of the conventional industry, which faced strong competition from low-cost British-made goods. 

• After the British came to India for business, a booming India accounted for more than 17 percent of world GDP; nevertheless, India is considered to have accounted for less than 1% of global GDP after the British left in 1947.

• British India comprised of the following provinces at the time of independence:

• Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri

• Islands of Andaman and Nicobar

• Assam

• Baluchistan

• Bengal

• Bihar

• Bombay, Bombay, Bombay, Bombay, Bombay, Bombay, Bomb

• Berar and the Central Provinces

• Province of Delhi - Delhi

• Madras, Madras, Madras, Madras, Madras, Madras, Ma

• Province of the North-West Frontier

• Panth-Piploda

• Orissa

• Punjab

• Sindh

• Provinces of the United (Agra and Oudh)

• A governor was in charge of eleven provinces: Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Bombay, Central Provinces, Madras, North-West Frontier, Orissa, Punjab, and Sindh. A chief commissioner governed the remaining six (Ajmer Merwara, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Baluchistan, Coorg, Delhi, and Panth-Piploda).

• The author examines the history of the British empire in the Pacific islands to place the region's decolonization in perspective with the larger history of decolonization. 

• After claiming for more than three decades that some countries were too tiny, isolated, or resource-poor to be capable of sovereign independence, Britain abruptly reversed course between 1970 and 1980, granting independence to all British Pacific islands except Pitcairn. 

• Colonial, urban, and international factors all had a role in the 180-degree shift. The liberation of Western Samoa by New Zealand in 1962 and the independence of Nauru by Australia in 1968 set precedents for mini- and micro-states.

• Following the closure of the Colonial Office in 1966 and the establishment of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office in 1968, British objectives shifted away from the long-standing practice of trusteeship and toward promoting British interests and lowering responsibilities. 

• The 1960 United Nations Declaration on Colonialism, and the following establishment of the Special Committee on Colonialism, exposed Britain to anti-imperialist criticism from throughout the world. 

• The Pacific colonies were cut off from the rest of the world when the British withdrew east of Suez. In 1970, Tonga and Fiji achieved independence, followed by the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu in 1978, Kiribati in 1979, and Vanuatu in 1980. 

• In 1975, Australia's Papua New Guinea followed suit, and in 1965 and 1974, the Cook Islands and Niue became self-governing in free association with New Zealand, respectively.